Te Mārama ki te Tikanga Whanaketanga Rerehua Mātai Hāpara: He Wehenga Ā-tapawa

Ina piki haere te hiahia o te ao ki ngā raihana penapena wairua e taea ai te utu, ka ara ake ngā pūhiko mātātoko (Na-ion) hei kōwhiringa matua ki ngā pūhiko rītini-mātātoko. Mā te whakamahi i ngā rawa e wātea ana, te whakapakari ake i ngā paerewa haumaru, me ngā inenga mahi āhuatanga pai, kei te piki haere te whakauru i ngā pūhiko Na-ion ki ngā waenga pūkaha hiko, te penapena wairua mō te hiko whatungarongaro, me ngā taputapu mā te kaihoko. Engari kei raro i tā rātou uara huarahi he pātai matua: he aha ngā tikanga hanga me te hunga rawa e hangaia ana ai ēnei pūhiko taketake? I tēnei tuhinga, ka rerekē atu mātou ki te tikanga hanga matatau o ngā pūhiko mātātoko—ka tohua ia tauwāhi matua e huri rawa ai ngā rawa ki ngā raihana penapena wairua mahi pai, e hokona ai.

1. Te tuku rawa me te pararai

Ko te takotoranga o te matū koana te takotoranga mō te pēti tahi, ā, ko ngā matū tōpuni mātātoko hauauru hoki i raro i te mana o ngā paraihe e hua ana i te ao, pērā i te natria, tōrea, mangakini, me te karboni. Arā anō i te kīritohe, e whakarārangihia ana ā-ao me te tūponotanga o te huarahi tukatuka, engari ko te natria e wātea ana mā te tai moana me ngā taonga paraihe ki te ao katoa. Ko te kaipākihi e whakamahi maripi irarukei taraweti (hei tauira, NaNi₁/₃Mn₁/₃Co₁/₃O₂), ngā tauira Porikiana, i te polyanionic, ā, ko te anoda e whakamahi ai i te karboni pakari i raro i te mataitai, i te hihi ranei. Ko ngā kaupapa e karawhiti ana i te natria—pērā i te NaClO₄, te NaPF₆—e pouri ana ki ngā waiū carbonate aho. Mua i te urunga atu ki te rārangi hua, ka āhua katoa ngā matū whakaora, ka horoi, ka whakapai ai i te rahi o ngā pārtihiri kia tino pai ai te whakaeke eketekete.

2. Te Waihanga Hainahina Karawhiti me te Takotoranga

Kia rite ngā matūtini, ka rēwena tātou ki ngā paraihe ōrite e hāngai ana mō te kaitaka, mā te whakahaere i te ōweenga tika. Ko te paraihe kaitaka e hono ana i te matū take, ngā taonga hāngai (pērā i te pango karboni), me tētahi kauta puipui (hei tauira ko sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, PVDF rānei) ki tētahi tuarā e taea ai te waihanga, me te whakamau i te āhuahanga kia ū tonu te rerekētanga o ia wāhanga. Tēnei anō te āhua o te paraihe anoda e rēwena ana i te karbona kākāki me ngā kauta puipui, me ngā mātai hāngai, kia pai ai te uaua mō ngā mahi e whai ake nei. Ka whakaputangia ēnei paraihe ki runga i ngā kaitautoko parahi (mō te kaitaka) i ngā kaitautoko parāoa (mō te anoda) mā ngā punaha whakaputa aunoa pērā i te punaha slot-die, heoi anō te whakamātau. He mea nui te ū tonu o te rahi me te kaha o te herehere—ehara i te mea kotahi ka hua ai ngā wāhi takotoranga, ngā pikitanga o te uaua o roto, i ngā whakarahinga rānei o te māka i te wā o te uta-kaoka, ka pakaru ai pea te mahi me te ora o te pūhiko.

3. Whakamaroke me te Hāpai

Muri i te whakaputanga, ka rere ngā hiko kua maroke ki roto i ngā umu maha-taiwhanga e tāwhai whaiaro ana kia wehe haumanu ngā parahihi toharanui, ka waiho ai ngā takotoranga parawhaka engari kaha ā-putaiao ki runga i ngā kaituhi kiko. E hiahiatia ana te whakahaerenga tinihanga o te temperatūra, te karuwhā o te hau, me te wā noho ki ia taiwhanga umu kia aukati ai i te hanga pāpaku, te piri, i te wehe rānei i te takotoranga hiko. Ka taea e te maroke tere, kore whaiāwaitanga te whakaputangia o ngā puia parahihi ki roto i te takotoranga, ā, ka hanga pakaru e horo ana i te ahumahi o waho me te mahi electrochemical. I te tuarangi, ko te tikanga maroke takirua ka whakarite kōrero ōrite mo te wehenga parahihi, ka pupuri i te hanganga parawhaka e hoapātia ana hei nuinga mō te kawe ion. Kātahi ka pāngia ngā hiko kua maroke katoa e te calendering—ko te tikanga pīrori pēhi-ite hahuru e pēhina ana i te takotoranga kia eke ki te ihumoana me te parawhakatanga e hāngai ana ki ngā kimikemu pēti mātātoko. Ka whakamahia e tēnei waehanga ngā rōri pūkaha kia whakauru pēhi ōrite ki te mata hiko, ka taunakitia ai te tahumaero o ngā matū kaimahi, ngā taugata kawe hiko, me ngā rāwekenga kaiwhakakaha. Ehara i te mea anake ka whakapakari ake te kawe ion mā te poto i ngā ara kawe ion, engari ka whakarite hoki i te hononga tino tata i waenganui i ngā karu kotahi me te kaituhi kiko. Ko ēnei whakapai ake e hāngai ana ki te whakapai ake i te uara tere, te nekehanga nui ake, me te ora roa ake, nō reira he waehanga matua te calendering hei whakapai i te mahi katoa o ngā pēti mātātoko sodium-ion.

4. Whakawehenga me te Tapahi Ihirangi

Kātahi ka wehea ngā whatitiri ihirangi tatauranga ki ngā tahumaero poto ake e ōrite ana ki ngā dimensions sel taketake. Ka tapahia ngā ihirangi ki ngā āhua tika (hei tauira, ngā rahinga tapawhā mā roto i ngā sel prismatic, i ngā tahumaero roa mā roto i ngā fōmeta cylindrical) mā ngā taputapu tapahi mā te rāsera, i ngā taputapu tapahi hoki. Ka mataara tino pono te kounga o ngā tapa, nā te mea ko ngā turuma, i ngā āhuatanga hoki e āki ai ngā korikori pūkoro roto i te wā o te hanga sel.

5. Kohinga Sel i ngā Rūma Maroke

Ko ngā wā kōpae mātātoko-mātātoko e huihui ana ki ngā rūma maroke iti te ua (<1% RH) hei whakarere i ngā arotake taha e hāngai ana ki te piko. Ko te tīmatatanga o te tikanga ko te whakatakoto, i te whakapiringa i ngā anode-separator-cathode ki roto i tētahi “pukoro pukoro”. Ko ngā kāwai wehe—e noho ana ko ngā kiriata microporous polyolefin e huinga ana ki ngā kapi e āhua ana ki te electrolyte—hei aha hei arai e taea ai te karuwha karuwha i waenganui i ngā tapa. Mō ngā pūkoro pūkoro, ka whakaurua te pukoro ki roto i tētahi kātene kiriata paraihe; mō ngā hoahoa pūrua, pūrere rānei, ka noho ki roto i ngā ipu paraihe.

6. Te Kīato i te Electrolyte me te Whakaputa

I roto i tētahi taiao whakahaerenga, ka kīia te pūkoro ki te electrolyte e tuanui ana ki te mātātoko. E hiahiatia ana he pono i tēnei wa: mēnā he iti noa te kīanga ka hinga te karuwha karuwha, ā, mēnā he nui ka tino kino ki te haumaru, ki te māmā i te putanga. Ki te kīia, ka whakaputaina te pūkoro ki te huarahi hermetically—ki te inu-laser mō ngā kātene paraihe, ki te inu-hau mō ngā momo pūkoro—kia mau tonu te ahua o tana oranga.

7. Te Waihanga me te Pūpahi

Ka whai wāhi ngā ātiriu hou ki te "āhuatanga", he mōhio kaukau tīmata haere noa e whakauru ana i ngā paparanga electrochemical me te hanga i tētahi papa SEI (solid-electrolyte interphase) pumau ki te anode. He mea nui tēnei papa SEI mō te roa o te wā, te whakamahinga me te haumāta. I muri i te āhuatanga, ka uru ngā ātiriu ki te wā tonumia (e waru rā neke atu ana i ngā wāhi mahana ake kia kitea ngā herenga tuatahi me te pumautanga i ngā inenga mahi.

8. Whakamātau Whakamutunga me te Rawa

Ka whakamātauria katoa ngā ātiriu mō te kapaiti, te here, te tere hautū, me te aronga ki ngā tikanga haumāta (hei tauira, te toronga karaihe, te kaukau hoki). Mā te inea i ngā mahi, ka rawahia ngā ātiriu, ka wehewehe ai mō ngā whakamahinga motuhake—ngā momo pūnga kaha mō ngā huarere EV, ngā momo pūnga hiko mō te puipui wāhi noa, me teitei.

Mai i te whiriwhiri i ngā rāwau tāpoi ki te whakamātau whakamutunga, ko te prosihia hangarau riipene riipene mātāmua e hono ana i te pūkenga matā, te inihini āhuatanga, me te whakahaere kounga hīra. Ā, e tipu haere ana te whakaputaiao o te ao, ka whakapai ake anō ngā whanaketanga e pa ana ki te hoahoa karawheta, te hanganga hauhake, me te whakahaerenga tūmatanui i ngā mahi, ka iti ake ngā utu, ā, ka pakari ake te takotoranga o te hangarau Na-ion ki te nekehanga ki te wairua parakore.