Te Mārama ki ngā Momo Rerehua Mātai Hāpara: He Aratohu Whānui

Ahakoa e tipu haere ana te hiahia a te ao ki ngā raihana penapena hiko tautohe me te utu iti, kua ara ake ngā pūhiko mātārere (Na-ion) hei whakakīnga pai ake i ngā hangarau litium-ion tuku iho. Me ngā rawa matua nohinohi, he iti ake te painga ki te taiao, me ngā inenga mahi āwhina, kei te piki haere te whakaaetanga ki ngā pūhiko Na-ion i roto i ngā waka hiko (EVs), te penapena hiko rahi rahi, me ngā taputapu kaiwhakamahi. Engari, kāore ngā pūhiko mātārere katoa e ōrite ana. Ko te mārama i ngā momo rerekē—e wehewehea ana matua mā ō rātou kimikimekaiti me ō rātou anōta—hei mea nui mō ngā mātanga, ngā kaihoko, me ngā kaiwhakauru i te takiwā e hiahia ana kia whakamahi i ō rātou uara katoa. I tēnei tuhinga, ka āta tirotiro mātou i ngā wehewehenga matua o ngā pūhiko mātārere, ka tohu hoki i ō rātou āhuatanga motuhake, ngā vantepī, me ngā whakamahinga.

1. Katua Okiokio Taraiwa Mātātoko (NaxMO₂)

Ko tētahi o ngā matū katua kua rāwekia whānuitia mō ngā pūhiko mōhiotia-hāpari he te whānau oxi taraiwa okiokio taraiwa, e māramatia ana e NaxMO₂ (e wātea ana ko M = Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, i tētahi huinga rānei). E ū ana ēnei matū ki ngā āhua pēra i ngā katua e whakamahia ana i ngā pūhiko līthiemi, engari kua whakapaingia mō te rui ionik nui ake o ngā pariri Na⁺.

- Momo O3: Ko te hanganga nei he pariri hāpari e noho ana ki ngā paparanga oktahedral i tētahi horoka oksinā anui ABCABC. Ko ngā katua momo O3 e hoatu ana i ngā kapaiti iti iti (e taea ana te 160 mAh/g) engari ka taea pea ngā hurihanga āhuatanga i te wā o te porotoko, e hāngai ai ki te pūmau roa-roa.

- Momo P2: He taurite, ko ngā cathode P2-momo e whakamahi ana i te whakaputanga oksigena ABBA me ngā papa waihanga rorohiko. Ka tūtohu ratou i te āhua pai ake i te āhua pūmahara, ā, ina hurihia ngā huinga manganēsi, ka tūtohu anō hoki i te pūmahara o te hanganga. Kua whakapai ake ngā whanaketanga hou i ō rātou ora mara, ka pai ai mō ngā tono taiwhanga noho.

Ko ngā oxide takirua e tino mōhio ana mō rātou te nui o te energi me ngā tikanga hanganga e mōhiotia ana, ahakoa kei te tuhau tonu ngā wero kia iti ake te wehenga o ngā karaihe hurihuri me te whakapai ake i te hysteresis voltau.

2. Ngā Karaihe Polyanionic

Ko ngā cathode polyanionic, pērā i ngā phosphate (hei tauira, Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃), fluorophosphates (hei tauira, NaVPO₄F), me ngā sulfate, e whakamahi ana i te hononga covelentahia kaha ki roto i ō rātou takotoranga kia eke ki te pūmahara tino pai mō te mahana me te electrochemical.

- Momo NASICON (hei tauira, Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃): Mōrearea i tana ara pātata 3D, ko te NASICON e homai ana i te arataki inoita hauora me te ora waka roa—e nui ake i te 10,000 ngota. Ahakoa he iti ake te uara o te whakauru (~3.4 V vs. Na⁺/Na) me te mātai āhua (~117 mAh/g), ka nui ake te haumātaonga me te roanga o te wā, nō reira he pai mō te puna rāwekenga me ngā pūnaha hiko kape.

- Hurauporoporoitā: Ko ngā matapae pēra i te NaVPO₄F e hono ana i te uara mata (pērā ~4.0 V) me te mātai pai (~140 mAh/g), e kapi ana i te herenga pakaru i waenganui i te kotahi me te pūmahara. Heoi anō, ko ngā karatia e noho ana ki te vanadium e pāngia ana i te utu me ngā pānga kino, nā reira ka rapu ngā rangahau mō ngā kōwhiringa e noho ana ki te rino, ki te titanium rānei.

Ko ngā katiora polianiona he pai rawa atu mō ngā whakamahinga e here ana ki te haumātaonga nā rātou anō hanganga kirihou kaha me te wehe iti i te hauauru i raro i ngā tikanga kino.

3. Ngā Karawhiti Pūriri (PBAs)

Ko ngā karawhiti pūriri, e mōhiotia ana mā te tauwāhanga whānui AxM[Fe(CN)₆]y·zH₂O (A = Na⁺; M = Fe, Mn, Ni, ākī), e āhua ana ki te hanganga wātea e āwhina ana i te urunga/whakangao tere o ngā inoita rino.

- Kei ngā PBA ngā whaitua tere tere rawa atu me ngā mātai āhuatanga tino pai (ki te 170 mAh/g).

- Tō rātou ara hanga wai noa e āki ai he utu iti, he whanaketanga e taea ana te whānui ake.

- Heoi anō, ko te wai hanga me ngā pūtake kekē i te takotoranga e tino pakaru ai te pūmahara me te mahi a Coulombic.

Ahakoa ēnei wero, kei te whanaketia e ngā kamupene pērā i CATL me Northvolt ngā sel na-ion hōua e PBA mō ngā huarahi EV me te tuinga hauora, nā te matotoru o rātou hiko me te ū ki ngā taputapu hanga e wātea ana inaianei.

Ngā Rerekētanga Anode

Ahakoa ko te kimikimi kaipākihi e whakaratohia ana te tino mahi o te pūhiko, ko te kōwhiringa anode anō hoki he mea nui:

- Karbon Hāta: Ko te matā tūmatanui mō ngā pūhiko Na-ion hokohoko, ko te karbona parureihe e totohu ana i tētahi hanganga kore-tōmuri me ngā pōropuhi nanotia e āki ai ngā iona Na⁺. E hoatu ana e ia ngā kapaiti hoki-hoki o 250–300 mAh/g me te pāmahara pāpaku. Ko te rangahau e whai nei ana ki te whakapai ake i ngā matārere (hei tauira, ipuora, peita) kia pai ake te kaiwhakamahi Coulombic tuatahi me te heke i ngā utu.

- Ngā Anoda Pēnei i te Parahi (hei tauira, Sb, Sn, P): E homai ana ēnei e waho rawa ngā kapaiti teoritiki (hei tauira, 660 mAh/g mō Sb) engari kei te raru i te whānuitanga o te panonitanga rahi (>300%), e hua ai te maroritanga mekameka. Kei te tirotiro te hanganga nano me ngā hoahoa composite kia māmā ake tēnei raruraru.

- Ngā Huinga Whakauru (hei tauira, TiO₂, Na₂Ti₃O₇): Ahakoa he iti ake te kapaiti, e tuku ana ēnei matā i te ora roa tino pai me te haumātaotao, nō reira e tika ana mō ngā whakamātau motuhake i reira e pono ake ana te roa i te kotahi te kaha.

Whakamutunga: Te Whakawhitinga Matū ki te Whakamātau

Ko te noho tāwhai hira o ngā kimeti o ngā pūhiko mātā paraihe e whakapumautia ana hei takotoranga kaha hei hanga i ngā raihana whakapūmahara rauemi ā-ahumahi me ngā kaipuke mō te haerenga o te ao. Ko ngā tikanga matatini e whakaatu ana i ngā ahuatanga mahi motuhake, e hāngai ai ki ngā herekore herekore me ngā whakamahinga motuhake. Hei tauira, ko ngā okihiri O3/P2 paraihe kiriki e mārama ana ki te ahungarua tino pai me ngā pūkenga whakapūmahara rerehua, ā, ko ēnei āhuatanga e hāngai ana ki ngā whakamahinga nukunuku ake, mai i ngā waka inuhi, ngā tarakihana hokohoko, ki ngā taputapu hiko pūmau e hiahiatia ana kia pūmau te hiko. I te wā anō, ko ngā tikanga polyanionic e mōhiotia ana mō te ora roa o te kaponga me te haumārui tino pai, i arataki ai i a rātou hei kōwhiringa matua mō ngā punaha whakapūmahara rauemi tuiea nui—pērā i ngā whakapā atamira hoki me ngā kaupapa huinga rauemi hou e hiahiatia ana kia mahi tahi mō wā roa. Ko ngā tikanga Pūrutariana (PBAs) anō, e pai ana ki te utu tere, nā te uaua tere o te pānui iōnika, e tautoko ana i ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana kia whakakīia tere te hiko. Āe rā, e piki haere ana ngā whakapākehātanga rārangi rangahau o te ao me te maturation o ngā ara tukutuku mō ngā rauemi matua, ka nui ake te kōwhiringa ōrite o te kimeti pūhiko, e tika ana ki ngā herekore whakamahinga, hei take matua hei whakaekea ai te horonuku katoa o te anga mātā paraihe. Mō ngā kairangahau hou me ngā kaiwhakamahi ahuatanga, ko te māramatanga tonu ki ēnei wehenga matatini e kore nei he mahi akoranga anake; engari he takotoranga taketake hei whanaketanga i te reira e whai ake nei o ngā raihana whakapūmahara e iti nei te utu, e hāpai i te taiao, me te tautoheke.