Te Whakatupeka i te Aianei o te Puna Kaha: Te Whiriwhiri Strategik i ngā Matērau Katō me ngā Anō i ngā Pūhiko Mātai Hara

Ina whānuitia haere te hiahia o te ao ki ngā raihana pūngao e taea ai te whakamahi mō te wā roa, e iti ana te utu, ā, e pai ana te mahinga, kua ara ake te anga pūhiko mā te natria (Na-ion) hei kōwhiringa pai ake i ngā pūhiko rītini rāraki. Mā te natria e noho ana i te whenua he nui rawa, he iti ake te utu mō ngā rauemi taketake, ā, he pai hoki te mahinga electrochemical, ka piki haere te whakauru i ngā pūhiko Na-ion ki te haerenga inu, ki te whakapaipai pūngao mō te motuka, ā, ki ngā taputapu mō te kainoho. Engari, ko te aronga matatau, ko te hoahoa me te whiriwhiri i ngā matatini mō te cathode me te anode—ēnei āhuatanga e rua e whakaratohia ai te tapeka pūngao, te ora roa, te haumāratanga, me te mahinga katoa.

Te Pikinga o te Cathode: Te Taurite i te Mahi, te Pūmau, me te Utu

Kia rerekē ki te lithium, e uru ana ngāwha ki ngā okside takirua pērā i te LiCoO₂, kāore pea te mātāweenga iti aha o te sodium e taea ai te wāhi tūmatanui mō te whanaketanga o te kaipara. Nō reira kua āta tirotirohia e ngā kairangahau i te toru whānau matua o ngā matapae kaipara mō ngā taiapa Na-ion: ngā okside takirua hurihuri (NaxTMO₂), ngā huinga polyanionic, me ngā aratohu Prussian blue (PBAs).

Ngā oksire ata - ā, ina hea aua e based ana ki te nikara, manganete, i ronai, me te koperu - e tuku ana i ngā kapaiti tino (e hokinga ana i te 120 mAh/g) me te pai pea i te tere. He tauira, ko te O3-momo NaNi₁/₃Mn₁/₃Co₁/₃O₂ e tuku ana i te kapaiti tino pai engari he paku ake te tūponotanga o te hanganga i te wā o te whakamātau nui nā ngā hurihanga atamira. I te tuarangi, ko ngā hanganga P2-momo (hei tauira, Na₂/₃Ni₁/₃Mn₂/₃O₂) e whakaatu ana i te tūpoki pai ake me te tere ake o te Na⁺, ka nui ake te tika mo ngā whakamahi roa-te-ora. Ko ngā whakapai hou anake e taraiwa ana ki ngā tikanga taupiri (hei tauira, Mg²⁺, Ti⁴⁺) me ngā karapiko mata kia pakaru te ngaro o te hauauru me te whakamaori i ngā panonitanga rahi.

Arataki whakaahua o te hanganga oksire ata

Ko ngā cathode polyanionic, pērā i te Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ (NVP) me ngā fluorophosphate pērā i te NaVPO₄F, e tuku ana i te pūmahara hinu me te pūtahitanga pakari ki te kaha o ō rātou takotoranga kovaliti. Ahakoa he iti noa ngā mōhio ā-tauira (~117 mAh/g mō te NVP), ka hoatu e rātou he ora waka roa anuanu (>10,000 waka) ka mahi ki ngā voltae teitei ake (~3.4 V vs. Na⁺/Na). Anō, kei te whanaketia ngā kōwhiringa kore-vanadium—pērā i ngā phosphate hōiho—kia māmā ai te mate me te utu, e hāngai ana ki ngā whāinga manawaroa.

Ko ngā tauira Prussian blue te tuatoru o ngā tiriti. Tā rātou hanganga wātea e whakaae ana ki te tohatoha / tango tere a Na⁺, ka taea ai te kotahi te nekeneke. Heoi anō, kei te noho tonu ngā uaua ki te whakahaere i te ihirangi wai ki roto i te lattice kristal, e taea ana te whakaroa i te performance me te haumāratanga. Ko ngā whānuitanga hou ki te hanganga—pērā i te co-precipitation iharotapu i raro i ngā atmōhinī kore-kiko—kei te whakapai ake i te kristallinity me te heke i ngā ngoikera lattice, ka pātata ake ngā PBA ki te horonotia.

Tohu tuhinga o te hanganga kirita o Prussian blue me ana putake

Ngā whakaahua SEM o Prussian blue me ana putake

Te whanaketanga anode: He aha atu i Graphite

Ahakoa ko graphite te anode standatiki i ngā pūhiko lithium-ion, he iti noa te wāhi waenganui (~3.35 Å) kia kore e taea e ngā inoi Na⁺ te uru mōhio, ka hua ai te kapaiti parurenga. Kua arahi tēnei here ki ngā rangahau pakuare ki ngā matapae anode ohauru.

Ko carbon kākara te kōwhiringa tino āwhina-paraonga i te wā penei. Ko tōna hanganga huruhuru he wāhi waenganui nui ake (>3.7 Å) me ngā nanopores e āwhina ai i te rokiroki Na⁺ mā te huinga me te puna-huinga. Ko ngā anode carbon kākara e hoatu ana i ngā kapaiti hoki-tāpiritia o 250–320 mAh/g me te mahi tūmatanui Coulombic pai (>85%). Ko te tiki i ngā matapae mai i ngā rākau (hei tauira, ngā ngoikera niho, lignin) i ngā karaihe taupua rānei e heke rawa ai i ngā utu engari ka whakapai hoki i ngā take taiao.

Pēnei i te karbona kūwarenga, ko ngā anoda e pā ana ki ngā mometara (hei tauira, Sn, Sb, P) e tuku ana i ngā maha ake o ngā mātai ā-tau (hei tauira, 847 mAh/g mō Na₃P). Heoi anō, ka pāhua nui te rahi o ēnei matarua (>300%) i te wā o te sodiation, ā, ka pūhara ngā karu karutia, ā, ka nekenga tere te mātai. Ko te hanganga nano, te whakauru karbona, me te hangarau mātai e āki ai te pakaru me te whakapai ake i te wāhi.

Ko tētahi atu ara e āwhina ana ko ngā matatua hurihuri, koioro rānei pērā i ngā parahi tītanahia (hei tauira, Na₂Ti₃O₇) me ngā MXenes. E whakaatu ana ēnei i te iti rawa o te rāwekenga rahi, ā, he pai tō rātou haumātauranga haumarutanga, ahakoa he iti ake te mātai me te tohu matepō. He pai ake mō te rokiroki tuimotu kei hea kāore te kotahi kotahi e nui ake ana i te roa me te tika.

Te Tauwhitinga Trangia te Whakaurunga Pūnaha

Kāore te rīwhi Na-ion tino pai e whakarārangihia ana mā tētahi “pai rawa” matū engari mā te tautoko takotoranga o te cathode me te anode e noho taurite ana i te matapae voltage, kinetics, me te whakawhitinga pānga. Hei tauira, ko te hononga o tētahi cathode oxi karaka P2-momo me tētahi anode karbon kikii mai i te biomass e āki ai ngā sel e >140 Wh/kg te nui o te nergi me te ora >5,000-cycle—ngā inenga e hāngai ana ki ngā rīwhi LFP (lithium iron phosphate).

Āta hoki, ko te hanganga o te electrolyte me te ineuhi o te pūpahi taupō (SEI) he wāhi matua nui ki te whakapumautia i ngā paparangi electrode/electrolyte, ina neke atu aha te wehenga o te sodium ki te lithium. Ko ngā tāpiri penei i te fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) e whakapai ake ana i te kounga SEI, e iti ake ana i te ngota nui i ngā cikara tuatahi.

Te Arokite ki Mua

Ina tautohe ngā huinga tukunga o te ao ki ngā pēhanga e tipu ake ana mai i te iti rawa o te līthiamu me te cobalt, ka ara ake te hangarau mātātoko-mata (sodium-ion) hei whakakapi āhua pakari, he rerekē hoki ōna wāhi e wehe ana i te here ki ngā rauemi iti noa. Mā te whiriwhiri i ngā matapae e tika ana mō ngā whakamahinga motuhake—te nui o te kaha mō ngā waka inuhi, te roa o te wāhi mō te hononga ki ngā rama aroarotia, i te utu whai hua mō ngā taputapu mō te hunga kaipakihi—ka tu ko ngā riipoka mātātoko-mata hei pou whenua mō te puna kaha o te whakatipuranga e whai ake nei, hei āwhina i ngā raihana puna kaha e wātea ana inaianei, ā, ka wātea hoki ngā āhuatanga hou mō te ao. Ka whakatika tēnei hurihanga i ngā wāhi pakanga o ngā huinga tukunga, ā, ka arataki anō hoki ki ngā whāinga toitū mo te ao, ka whakatupeke ai i te ara mō tētahi ahumāra kaha e pai ake ana.

Ki Zhejiang Mingtu Technology Electrical Co., Ltd., kei te whai mātou i tēnei whakaahua kia pono mā ō mātou pūkenga pakari matua. Kei te arataki mātou i te R&D taketake o ngā rauemi hautū takirua rereke, ā, kei a mātou ngā wāhanga takitahi hei whakapakari i te nui o te energi me te ora roa o te pūhiko. Ko ō mātou tikanga hangarua e taea ana te whanuitanga, e tautokona ana e ngā rārangi hāpai ā-umanga, hei whakarite kounga pūmau me te whakahaere utu mō te hangarua mōhiotia. Anō, ko tā mātou hoahoa pū takotoranga e hono ana i te raweke, haumaru, me te utu—e tautokona ana e te whakamātau whakaharahara—kia tutuki ngā herehere maha a te ahumahi. Ehara i te mea anake te tauira o te penapena energi ki te whakakapi i te rīharoha; engari ko te whakaaro anō i ngā wāhi e taea ana mā te kimikimi smarter, te tuku pono ki te taiao, me te hinengaro hou. Hei ira tuawhā tekau mā ono te nui aha o te whenua, he nui te noirotanga o te rino, ā, kei te whai mātou i ana painga motuhake, tahi ana mātou pūkenga hoki, kia tukuna ai ngā raihana penapena energi e taea ai te whakauru, hei whakapakari i tētahi kainga ā-whenua me ngā hapori mō āpōpō.